Research Methods in Psychology

Experiments: Controlled settings to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships. Gathering self-reported data from large groups of people. Observing and recording behavior in natural settings.

Case Studies: sychology helps in understanding not only individual behavior but also social structures, health outcomes, and societal trends.

• Sigmoid: Maps input to a value between 0 and 1.
• ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit): Outputs the input directly if it’s positive; otherwise, it outputs zero.
• Tanh: Maps input to a value between -1 and 1.

Loss Function: This function measures the difference between the network’s output and the actual target. Common loss functions include Mean Squared Error (for regression tasks) and Cross-Entropy Loss (for classification tasks).

A framework where two neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, are trained simultaneously. The generator tries to create data that looks real, while the discriminator tries to distinguish between real and fake data. When a model performs well on training data but poorly on unseen data. Techniques like regularization, dropout, and cross-validation are used to mitigate this.